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Ancient Thrace and the Thracians

Granikos

AUTHOR

Svetlana Yanakieva

YEAR

2020

Γράνικος (or Γρήνικος, Γρανικός ), river in the Troad, modern Çan Çayı; near its mouth it is called Biga Çayı. Barrington Atlas 57.

The earliest mentions come from Homer and Hesiod (Hom. Il. 12, 20-21; Hesiod. Theog. 341). It appears in many later authors: Diod. 17, 19; Strab. 13, 1, 3;13, 1, 43; Plin. NH 5, 141; Mela 1, 19; Plut. Alex. 16; Ptol. 5, 2, 1; Luc. Dial. mort. 12, 4; Suid.; Hesych. s.v. etc.

The name is Thracian according to W. Tomaschek. D. Detschew considers this opinion unfounded and rejects the possibility of its Thracian origin. V. Georgiev also supports the Thracian origin of the name. According to him, the modern name Biga Çayı derives from the name of the town of Biga, which stems from the Byzantine Πηγαί…“Springs.” It is a translation of the Thracian name Γρανι- “Spring,” which corresponds to the Greek appellative κρήνη with a dialectal alteration κρ>γρ, also found in other Thracian names. J. Tischler considers this etymology indefensible, although he finds the association of Γρανι- with κρήνη attractive, due to the lack of clarity surrounding the Greek κρήνη. He places the name in the group of Asia Minor names. L. Gindin only mentions the existence of V. Georgiev’s “clever considerations” about the Thracian origin linked to the appellative κρήνη. The etymology is indeed unprovable, as are most etymologies of proper names, which lack corresponding appellatives.    

In fact, the association with κρήνη is suggested by Etymologicum Magnum, which states that κρήνικος and γρήνικος derive from κρήνη. The dictionary offers other possibilities, as well, which could be described as folk etymologies. It is impossible to say to what extent the idea that κρηνικός and γρηνικός are the same word is based on earlier testimonies or whether it occurred to the lexicographer on the basis of their phonetic similarity. The change in stress can be explained by the conversion of the common noun into a proper one, which is a frequent phenomenon. The problem with vocalism is also reminiscent of the situation with the ancient Greek κρήνη < *κράσνα, where various explanations are sought for -ρη- instead of -ρα-. There have also been suggestions that κρήνη is a loanword in ancient Greek. The name has no onomastic parallels in Thrace, but neither does it have any in Asia Minor. Since there are other Thracian hydronyms in the Troad (e.g. the left tributary of the Granicus is the Rhesus), the debate as to whether the name could be Thracian remains open.

REFERENCES

Detschew 1957: Detschew, D. Die thrakischen Sprachreste. Wien, 1957 (p. 108–109)

Georgiev 1957: Georgiev, V. Zur altkleinasiatischen Hydronymie. – Beiträge zur Namenforschung 8 (154–155).

Tischler 1977: Tischler, J. Kleinasiatische Hydronymie. Wiesbaden, 1977 (p. 58–59).

Tomaschek 1894: Tomaschek, W. Die alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung II. Wien, 1894 (2, 100).